Cannabis & Diving

Cannabis/ marijuana has been known to man for thousands of years. It is believed to have originated in central Asia some 12,000 years ago and that it was widely used by Neolithic times for its protein-rich seeds, oils and fibers. [1] Some of the earliest reports of its use date back to approximately 4000 BC, when it was actively farmed and considered one of the “five grains” in China.[2]
Likewise, it was commonly used by the indigenous peoples of Southern Africa for many centuries – long before Europeans set foot on the continent. The more common and “proudly South African” name (“dagga”) is actually a Khoi-derived word, which means “intoxication”. In the year of his arrival (1652), Jan van Riebeeck already documented that dagga was used in South Africa. We know that centuries ago, dagga was widely used for a variety of medical conditions. Dr Russell Reynolds (the personal physician of Queen Victoria) published his experiences in using cannabis for a range of conditions and Queen Victoria allegedly used it to ease menstrual pain.
Likewise, it was commonly used by the indigenous peoples of Southern Africa for many centuries – long before Europeans set foot on the continent. The more common and “proudly South African” name (“dagga”) is actually a Khoi-derived word, which means “intoxication”. In the year of his arrival (1652), Jan van Riebeeck already documented that dagga was used in South Africa. We know that centuries ago, dagga was widely used for a variety of medical conditions. Dr Russell Reynolds (the personal physician of Queen Victoria) published his experiences in using cannabis for a range of conditions and Queen Victoria allegedly used it to ease menstrual pain.

Figure 1: The heading of the publication of Dr Reynolds in 1890[3]
In South Africa, dagga was also accepted into general use by the Dutch settlers and even traded by the Dutch East India Company. However, its use was later banned in the 1920’s. Now, almost exactly 100 years later, the personal and private use of dagga was legalized in South Africa on 18 September 2018 via a ruling of the Constitutional Court.[4] Today, dagga is not legalised in South Africa, but also in a number of other countries in the world. Now that its use has been legalised, DANSA has received some enquiries regarding the safety of diving in the context of dagga (and cannabidiol (CBD) oil) use.
When considering CBD oil in isolation, the short (but possibly incorrect) answer to the safety question is that it has no effect, since CBD is not psychoactive and it would therefore unlikely affect diving safety. However, not all formulations of CBD are “pure” and some may contain delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is psychoactive. THC is metabolised (forming more than 100 metabolites), of which some (like hydroxyl-THC) are also psychoactive.[5]
Similar to diving while under the influence of alcohol, diving while under the influence of THC and related substances would be risky. Extrapolation from the risks of motor vehicle accidents after using dagga provides some useful information and guidance. Tests indicate that cannabis use results in deficient tracking, attention, reaction time, short-term memory, hand-eye coordination, vigilance, time perception, distance perception, decision making and concentration.[6] Therefore, cannabis intoxication during a dive will alter perception of the environment and impair both cognitive and psychomotor performance.[7] Nonetheless, it is well known that many divers are using cannabis (although there is a paucity of data concerning diving while under the influence). A survey of recreational divers in the United Kingdom revealed that (of the 479 divers who responded), 22% of the divers (a total of 105) reported using illicit drugs since they first learned to dive, and 94% of them had used cannabis.[8] However, as mentioned, it is unclear how many of these divers were “under the influence” while diving. There are however a few reports that affected divers in warm water became lethargic and even fell asleep when submerged, and divers in cold water found that tolerance to cold was reduced to one-fifth of the limit.[9] This is therefore not an issue to be ignored by the safety-conscious in the diving community.
Whether you are a dive operator trying to ensure safety of the operation, or a CBD or dagga user (for recreational or medical purposes) trying to ensure your own safety while diving, testing for the psychoactive effects (to determine whether someone is “under the influence”) is actually quite difficult in the recreational diving setting. Unfortunately, the current urine tests for cannabis do not distinguish between the psychoactive and non-psychoactive metabolites – it only tests “positive for cannabinoids”. While this was a sufficient test in the recent past (when cannabis use was still illegal), it has become more important now to distinguish between the psychoactive and non-psychoactive substances in order to identify to which extent one is affected at the time. For this reason, the previous advice regarding waiting periods for a few weeks (to “totally clear the body of all metabolites”)[10,11] is not an adequate approach any longer and it can now even be considered a violation of an individual’s rights if such (overly) strict rules are applied. Any “zero-tolerance” policies should thus be applied to the active metabolites and not the non-active metabolites that could remain in the body for weeks. The same argument would hold for commercial diving operations where tests for cannabis (as part of wider drug screening) are performed. This then explains the main difference between testing for cannabis use and alcohol use in the context of diving (where “zero tolerance policies” are applied to both): The breathalyser tests for alcohol actually detects the active ingredient, while urine tests for cannabis also detects non-active metabolites.
The screening test that currently works best to detect whether someone is “under the influence” is a saliva test, since it tests for the actual psychoactive substance (THC). However, the best test we currently have available in South Africa has a lower detection limit of 40ng/mL (while recommended limits for detecting intoxication is 4ng/mL on screening tests and 2ng/mL for confirmatory tests[12] – thus a ten-to-twenty-fold difference!). It is also still quite expensive. For this reason, mass testing of “everyone” is not really an effective way to currently screen whether someone is affected or not. However, if someone tests positive, one can be sure that they are quite affected at that time. An operator could then refuse participation as a result of a safety risk. Such intoxication could also be considered illegal (pending further court cases to confirm), because cannabis use is only legal in the private context (and not in public).
If you are using CBD oil and want to make sure you are safe while diving, one can look at the labelling of the oil for purity and confirmation that there is no THC contamination. However, not all manufacturers would declare “contaminants” – particularly if present in low concentrations. Therefore, there is (at this stage) no reliable way of confirming whether one is affected without some significant expense.
Another way of determining safety is to consider the half-life of THC in the body, since it is actually relatively short. If it is possible to observe a sufficient time-delay between using CBD oil, “smoking a joint” or eating a dagga cookie and diving, one can reasonably ensure that it is safe to dive. Unfortunately, we do not have specific values available for the oil, but there are studies (with graphs) that looked at smoking and ingestion of dagga.
THC levels drop quite rapidly after smoking cannabis and the levels are low enough for “normal functioning” within about 2 to 3 hours – (the dotted line in the graph below represents THC concentration). Driving tests have also indicated that impairment is dose-dependent and generally lasts for 2 to 4 hours.[6,13] Notice again that the non-psychoactive metabolite (THC-COOH) remains detectable in the blood for a long period – much longer than the psychoactive substance and psychoactive effects, which proves the point that urine tests would not indicate whether one is inebriated or not.
In South Africa, dagga was also accepted into general use by the Dutch settlers and even traded by the Dutch East India Company. However, its use was later banned in the 1920’s. Now, almost exactly 100 years later, the personal and private use of dagga was legalized in South Africa on 18 September 2018 via a ruling of the Constitutional Court.[4] Today, dagga is not legalised in South Africa, but also in a number of other countries in the world. Now that its use has been legalised, DANSA has received some enquiries regarding the safety of diving in the context of dagga (and cannabidiol (CBD) oil) use.
When considering CBD oil in isolation, the short (but possibly incorrect) answer to the safety question is that it has no effect, since CBD is not psychoactive and it would therefore unlikely affect diving safety. However, not all formulations of CBD are “pure” and some may contain delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is psychoactive. THC is metabolised (forming more than 100 metabolites), of which some (like hydroxyl-THC) are also psychoactive.[5]
Similar to diving while under the influence of alcohol, diving while under the influence of THC and related substances would be risky. Extrapolation from the risks of motor vehicle accidents after using dagga provides some useful information and guidance. Tests indicate that cannabis use results in deficient tracking, attention, reaction time, short-term memory, hand-eye coordination, vigilance, time perception, distance perception, decision making and concentration.[6] Therefore, cannabis intoxication during a dive will alter perception of the environment and impair both cognitive and psychomotor performance.[7] Nonetheless, it is well known that many divers are using cannabis (although there is a paucity of data concerning diving while under the influence). A survey of recreational divers in the United Kingdom revealed that (of the 479 divers who responded), 22% of the divers (a total of 105) reported using illicit drugs since they first learned to dive, and 94% of them had used cannabis.[8] However, as mentioned, it is unclear how many of these divers were “under the influence” while diving. There are however a few reports that affected divers in warm water became lethargic and even fell asleep when submerged, and divers in cold water found that tolerance to cold was reduced to one-fifth of the limit.[9] This is therefore not an issue to be ignored by the safety-conscious in the diving community.
Whether you are a dive operator trying to ensure safety of the operation, or a CBD or dagga user (for recreational or medical purposes) trying to ensure your own safety while diving, testing for the psychoactive effects (to determine whether someone is “under the influence”) is actually quite difficult in the recreational diving setting. Unfortunately, the current urine tests for cannabis do not distinguish between the psychoactive and non-psychoactive metabolites – it only tests “positive for cannabinoids”. While this was a sufficient test in the recent past (when cannabis use was still illegal), it has become more important now to distinguish between the psychoactive and non-psychoactive substances in order to identify to which extent one is affected at the time. For this reason, the previous advice regarding waiting periods for a few weeks (to “totally clear the body of all metabolites”)[10,11] is not an adequate approach any longer and it can now even be considered a violation of an individual’s rights if such (overly) strict rules are applied. Any “zero-tolerance” policies should thus be applied to the active metabolites and not the non-active metabolites that could remain in the body for weeks. The same argument would hold for commercial diving operations where tests for cannabis (as part of wider drug screening) are performed. This then explains the main difference between testing for cannabis use and alcohol use in the context of diving (where “zero tolerance policies” are applied to both): The breathalyser tests for alcohol actually detects the active ingredient, while urine tests for cannabis also detects non-active metabolites.
The screening test that currently works best to detect whether someone is “under the influence” is a saliva test, since it tests for the actual psychoactive substance (THC). However, the best test we currently have available in South Africa has a lower detection limit of 40ng/mL (while recommended limits for detecting intoxication is 4ng/mL on screening tests and 2ng/mL for confirmatory tests[12] – thus a ten-to-twenty-fold difference!). It is also still quite expensive. For this reason, mass testing of “everyone” is not really an effective way to currently screen whether someone is affected or not. However, if someone tests positive, one can be sure that they are quite affected at that time. An operator could then refuse participation as a result of a safety risk. Such intoxication could also be considered illegal (pending further court cases to confirm), because cannabis use is only legal in the private context (and not in public).
If you are using CBD oil and want to make sure you are safe while diving, one can look at the labelling of the oil for purity and confirmation that there is no THC contamination. However, not all manufacturers would declare “contaminants” – particularly if present in low concentrations. Therefore, there is (at this stage) no reliable way of confirming whether one is affected without some significant expense.
Another way of determining safety is to consider the half-life of THC in the body, since it is actually relatively short. If it is possible to observe a sufficient time-delay between using CBD oil, “smoking a joint” or eating a dagga cookie and diving, one can reasonably ensure that it is safe to dive. Unfortunately, we do not have specific values available for the oil, but there are studies (with graphs) that looked at smoking and ingestion of dagga.
THC levels drop quite rapidly after smoking cannabis and the levels are low enough for “normal functioning” within about 2 to 3 hours – (the dotted line in the graph below represents THC concentration). Driving tests have also indicated that impairment is dose-dependent and generally lasts for 2 to 4 hours.[6,13] Notice again that the non-psychoactive metabolite (THC-COOH) remains detectable in the blood for a long period – much longer than the psychoactive substance and psychoactive effects, which proves the point that urine tests would not indicate whether one is inebriated or not.

Figure 2: Mean plasma concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-TCH (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) of six subjects during and after smoking a cannabis cigarette containing about 34mg of THC[14]
With ingestion of dagga, there is a lower peak, but the half-life is longer (four to six hours). It should however be noted that the plasma levels differs between people ingesting the same amount of cannabis.
With ingestion of dagga, there is a lower peak, but the half-life is longer (four to six hours). It should however be noted that the plasma levels differs between people ingesting the same amount of cannabis.

Figure 3: Mean plasma concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy THC (THC-COOH) of six cancer patients after ingestion of one oral dose of 15mg[5]
Since the psychoactive effects would be the main acute safety concern during diving, it is advisable that divers stay out of the water for at least 6 to 8 hours following ingestion of “dagga cookies” or the oil (just in case there is any THC in the oil), so that they are confident there would be no psychoactive effects. This period should obviously be extended if a large amount was ingested.
Because of the legalisation of dagga and the fact that this would pose some difficulty for employers who need to ensure health and safety at work, it is expected that better saliva testing equipment would become available and it would be more affordable to perform screening tests in future.
For more information on the fascinating history of dagga in South Africa, readers are encouraged to visit the Wikipedia site.[15] Divers are reminded that this article only considers the intoxicating effect of dagga. Fitness-to-dive evaluations in the context of dagga-use should however consider some of the longer-term effects of use too, including the effects on the lungs as a result of smoking, etc. Any concerns regarding fitness should be discussed with a diving medical physician.
References
Since the psychoactive effects would be the main acute safety concern during diving, it is advisable that divers stay out of the water for at least 6 to 8 hours following ingestion of “dagga cookies” or the oil (just in case there is any THC in the oil), so that they are confident there would be no psychoactive effects. This period should obviously be extended if a large amount was ingested.
Because of the legalisation of dagga and the fact that this would pose some difficulty for employers who need to ensure health and safety at work, it is expected that better saliva testing equipment would become available and it would be more affordable to perform screening tests in future.
For more information on the fascinating history of dagga in South Africa, readers are encouraged to visit the Wikipedia site.[15] Divers are reminded that this article only considers the intoxicating effect of dagga. Fitness-to-dive evaluations in the context of dagga-use should however consider some of the longer-term effects of use too, including the effects on the lungs as a result of smoking, etc. Any concerns regarding fitness should be discussed with a diving medical physician.
References
- https://www.niceguysdelivery.com/blog/globalmedicalcannabisuse (Accessed 24 March 2019)
- https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-medical-cannabis-shown-one-giant-map (Accessed 24 March 2019)
- Reynolds JR. On the therapeutical uses and toxic effects of cannabis indica. Lancet. 1890;135(3473):637-638
- http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2018/30.pdf (Accessed 24 March 2019)
- Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(4):327-360
- Kelly E, Darke S, Ross J, A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions, Drug Alcohol Rev. 2004;23(3):319–344
- Pace T, Mifsud J, Cali-Corleo R, Fenech AG, Ellul-Micallef R. Medication, Recreational Drugs and Diving. Malta Med J. 2005;17(1):9-15
- Dowse MS, Shaw S, Cridge C, Smerdon G. The use of drugs by UK recreational divers: illicit drugs. Diving Hyperb Med. 2011 Mar; 41(1):9-15
- Groner-Strauss W, Strauss MB. Divers face special peril in use/abuse of drugs. Phys Sports Med. 1976;4(12):30-36
- Viders H. Marijuana and Diving. Alert Diver Online. 2016; 3. Available from http://www.alertdiver.com/Marijuana_and_Diving (Accessed 24 March 2019)
- Divers Alert Network. Marijuana and Fitness to Dive: The Experts’ Opinion. 2017;3. Available from https://alertdiver.eu/en_US/articles/marijuana-and-fitness-to-dive-the-experts-opinion (Accessed 24 March 2019)
- US Department of Health and Human Services. Federal register 2015;80(94):28054-28077. Available from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2015-05-15/pdf/2015-11523.pdf (Accessed 24 March 2019)
- Ramaekers JG, Berghaus G, Van Laar GM, Drummer OH. Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use, Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;73(2):109–119
- Huestis MA, Henningfield JE, Cone EJ. Blood cannabinoids: I. absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 1992;16(5):276-282
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa. (Accessed 24 March 2019)
Categories
2021
2020
January
February
Group Fitness at the PoolHow to Rescue a Distressed diver at the SurfaceHow to manage Near-DrowningNo Sit-ups no problem How to manage MalariaHow to manage Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)What to do when confronted by a sharkHow to manage Scombroid PoisoningHow to perform a Deep Diver RescueHow to perform One-rescuer CPRHow to perform a Neurological Assessment
March
DAN’s Quick Guide to Properly Disinfecting Dive GearCOVID-19 : Prevention Recommendations for our Diving CommunityGermophobia? - Just give it a reasonable thoughtScuba Equipment care – Rinsing and cleaning diving equipmentCOVID-19 and DAN MembershipFurther limitations imposed on travels and considerations on diving activitiesDAN Membership COVID-19 FAQsLancet COVID-19 South African Testing SitesCOVID-19 No Panic Help GuideGetting Decompression Sickness while FreedivingDown in the DumpsCardiovascular Disease and DivingDelayed Off-GassingDiving after Dental surgeryDiving with Multiple MedicationsPygmy Seahorses: Life AquaticAfrica DustCOVID-19 Myth BustersScuba Units Are Not Suitable Substitutes for VentilatorsDisinfection of Scuba Equipment and COVID-19Physioball Stability Exercises
April
COVID-19 AdvisoryScuba Equipment Care - Drying & Storing Your GearTransporting Diving Lights & BatteriesHow to Pivot Your Message During a CrisisTourism Relief FundCOVID-19 Business Support ReviewDiving After COVID-19: What We Know TodayEUBS-ECHM Position Statement on Diving ActivitiesPart 2: COVID-19 Business Support ReviewPress Release
May
Diving in the Era of COVID-19Dive Operations and COVID-19: Prepping for ReturnCOVID-19 & Diving Activities: 10 Safety RecommendationsCOVID-19: Surface Survival TimesThe Philippines at its FinestThe Logistics of ExplorationThe Art of the Underwater SelfieShooter: Douglas SeifertFAQs Answered: Disinfecting Scuba EquipmentStock your First-Aid KitResearch and OutreachCovid-19 ResearchOut of the BlueEffects of Aspirin on DivingThe New Pointy end of DivingDiving and Hepatitis CCaissons, Compressed-Air work and Deep TunnellingPreparing to Dive in the New NormalNew Health Declaration Form Sample Addressing C-19 IssuesDiving After COVID 19: What Divers Need to Know
June
Travel Smarter: PRE-TRIP VACCINATIONSAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and DivingCOVID-19: Updated First Aid Training Recommendations From DANDiving with a Purpose in National Marine SanctuariesStay Positive Through the PandemicFor the Dive Operator: How to Protect Your Staff & ClientsStudying Deep reefs and Deep diversAsking the Right QuestionsLung squeeze under cold diving conditions
July
Dive DeprivationVolunteer Fish Surveys: Engage DiversDAN Member Profile: Mehgan Heaney-GrierTravel Smarter: Don’t Cancel, Reschedule InsteadDive Boat Fire SafetyRay of HopePartner ExercisesDiving at AltitudeAluminium ExposureHip FracturesAcoustic NeuromaGuidelines for Lifelong Medical Fitness to DiveNew Dive Medical Forms
August
Women in Diving: Lauren Arthur, Conservationist & Natural History Story TellerWomen in Diving: Dr Sara Andreotti White Shark ResearcherTiming ExerciseWomen in Diving: The Salty Wanderer, Charlie WarlandWomen in Diving: Beth Neale, Aqua soul of freedivingWomen in Diving: Diving and spearfishing Diva, Jean HattinghWomen in Diving: Zandile Ndhlovu, The Black Mermaid
September
October
Freediving For ScienceStep Exercises with CardioFluorescence Imaging help Identify Coral BleachingChildren and DivingThe Watchman device and divingScuba Diving and Factor V Leiden gene mutationNitrogen Narcosis at shallow depthsOil and Particulates: Safe levels in Breathing Air at depthDive Principles for Coping with COVID-19The Importance of a Predive Safety CheckTalya Davidoff: the 'Plattelandse Meisie' Freediver
2019
February
April
May
DAN Press ReleaseYour Dive Computer: Tips and tricks - PART 1Your Dive Computer: Tips and tricks - PART 2Aural HygieneDCS AheadHow Divers Can Help with coral conservationRed Tide and shellfish poisoningDiving after Kidney DonationDiving with hypertrophic cardiomyopathyEmergency Underwater Oxygen Recompression
June
July
September
October
November
Exercise drills with DowelsHeart-rate TrainingCultivating ConservationTRavel Smarter : Evaluating an unfamiliar Dive operatorChallenging the Frontiers of Decompression ResearchTravel Smarter: Plan for Medical EmergenciesWhen should I call my Doctor?DAN Student Medical Expense CoverageAdvice, Support and a LifelineWetsuits and heat stressDiving after Chiropractic adjustments
2018
April
Flying after pool diving FAQLung squeeze while freediving FAQDiving after Bariatric surgery FAQMarine injuries FAQVasovagal Syncope unpredictable FAQIncident report procedure FAQDiving after knee surgery FAQDiving when in RemissionDive with orbital Implant FAQInert gas washout FAQOxygen ears FAQPost Decompression sicknessChildren and diving. The real concerns.Diving after SurgeryPhysiology of Decompresssion sickness FAQDiving and regular exerciseGordon Hiles - I am an Underwater Cameraman and Film MakerScuba Air QualityBreath-hold diving. Part 3: The Science Bit!Compensation Legislation and the Recreational DiverCape Town DivingFive pro tips for capturing better images in cold waterThe Boat Left Without You: Now What?
May
When things go wrongEmergency Planning: Why Do We Need It?Breath-hold diving: Running on reserve -Part 5 Learning to RebreatheSweet Dreams: When Can I Resume Diving Post Anaesthesia?Investing in the future of reefsTo lie or not to lie?THE STORY OF A RASH AFTER A DIVEFirst Aid KitsTaravana: Fact or Falacy?
June
Oxygen Unit MaintenanceKnow Your Oxygen-Delivery Masks 1Know Your Oxygen-Delivery Masks 2Emergency Oxygen unitsInjuries due to exposure - HypothermiaInjuries due to exposure - Altitude sicknessInjuries due to Exposure - Dehydration and other concernsHow to plan for your dive tripThe Future of Dive MedicinePlastic is Killing our ocean
September
Return to DivingDiagnoses: Pulmonary blebSide effects of Rectogesic ointmentDiving with ChemotherapyReplacing dive computers and BCDsCustomize Your First-Aid KitPlan for medical emergenciesHow the dive Reflex protects the brain and heartDry suits and skin BendsAltitude sickness and DCSScuba Diving and Life Expectancy
2017
March
April
Incident Insight: TriageA Field Guide to Minor MishapsSnorkels: Pros & ConsTime & RecoveryMedication & Drug UseDiving with CancerNitrox FAQCOPD FAQHyperbaric Chamber FAQJet Lag FAQHydration FAQAnticoagulant Medication FAQFluid in the Ear FAQEye Surgery FAQElderly Divers FAQNitrogen FAQHealth Concerns FAQMotion Sickness FAQMicronuclei FAQ
June
August
2016
February
March
Breath-Hold Diving & ScubaReturn to Diving After DCITiming Exercise & DivingHot Tubs After DivingSubcutaneous EmphysemaIn-Water RecompressionDiving at AltitudeFlying After DivingDiving After FlyingThe Risks of Diabetes & DivingFlu-like Symptoms Following a DiveHand & Foot EdemaFrontal HeadachesBladder DiscomfortLatex AllergiesRemember to BreatheProper Position for Emergency CareAches & PainsCell Phones While DrivingSurfers Ear Ear Ventilation TubesDealing with Ear ProblemsDiving with Existing Ear InjuriesPerforated Ear DrumENT SurgeryUnpluggedCochlear ImplantsPortuguese Man-of-WarJellyfish StingsLionfish, Scorpionfish & Stonefish EnvenomationsStingray Envenomation Coral Cuts, Scrapes and RashesSpeeding & Driving Behaviour
June
Newsflash! Low Pressure Hose DeteriorationItching & rash go away & come back!7 Things we did not know about the oceanMigraine HeadacheAttention Deficit Disorder Cerebral Vascular AccidentEpilepsyCerebral PalsyHistory of SeizuresMultiple Sclerosis Head TraumaBreast Cancer & Fitness to Dive IssuesLocal Allergic ReactionsSea LiceHow ocean pollution affects humans Dive Fatality & Lobster Mini-Season StatisticsPregnancy & DivingReturn to Diving After Giving BirthBreast Implants & DivingMenstruation During Diving ActivitiesOral Birth ControlBreast FeedingPremenstrual SyndromeOsteoporosisThe Aftermath of Diving IncidentsCompensation Legislation & the Recreational DiverNoise-Induced Hearing LossLegal MattersThe Nature of Liability & DivingDAN Legal NetworkWaivers, Children & Solo DivingHealthy, but overweight!Taking Medication while Scuba DivingGetting Fit for the Dive SeasonBone Considerations in Young DiversAsthma and Scuba DivingHepatitisDiving with HyperglycemiaShoulder PainDiving After Spinal Back Surgery
August
Hazard Identification & Risk AssessmentCaring For Your People Caring For Your FacilitiesCaring For Your BusinessScuba Air Quality Part 1Scuba Air Quality Part 2Chamber Maintenance Part 1Chamber Maintenance Part 2The Aging Diver Propeller SafetyRelease The PressureDon't Get LostMore Water, Less Bubbles13 Ways to Run Out of Air & How Not To7 Mistakes Divers Make & How To Avoid ThemSafety Is In The AirHow Good Is Your Emergency Plan
2015
January
March