Diving Safety Officer
NEW SAFETY PROGRAMME LAUNCHED
In addition to assisting injured recreational scuba divers, the primary mission of DAN-SA is for every dive to be accident and injury free. To realise this vision, the Diving Safety Officer Programme has been introduced.
DAN-SA has previously introduced a global campaign which focuses on equipping dive operators with the knowledge needed to identify and mitigate the risks associated with their respective dive operations – the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) Programme. In turn, this requires a programme that creates awareness, improves risk management, and ultimately mitigates health and safety risks. As a result, the Diving Safety Officer (DSO) Programme has been developed. DAN-SA intends to guide all diving businesses to establish a culture of safety.
Every programme needs a champion: someone who will pay specific attention to the manner in which the diving business and its related operations work. This person needs to be dedicated to establishing, monitoring, improving and maintaining the systems needed. This is the DSO’s function. One can define this responsible person in terms of their tasks, their position within the business or organisation, their skills and competences, and their ability to understand, implement and manage the culture of safety. To be equipped to deal with these divergent and often complex issues, some degree of specialised training, followed by sufficient experience, is needed. Is this all really necessary? What are the risks to the business owner, the club manager or any diving enterprise manager that we are so concerned about? How should we structure a programme to help the responsible person deal with all of these? These are all good questions. So, before delving into the DSO Programme, let us briefly review the governing concepts of HIRA and its ultimate goal, namely a culture of safety.
In addition to assisting injured recreational scuba divers, the primary mission of DAN-SA is for every dive to be accident and injury free. To realise this vision, the Diving Safety Officer Programme has been introduced.
DAN-SA has previously introduced a global campaign which focuses on equipping dive operators with the knowledge needed to identify and mitigate the risks associated with their respective dive operations – the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) Programme. In turn, this requires a programme that creates awareness, improves risk management, and ultimately mitigates health and safety risks. As a result, the Diving Safety Officer (DSO) Programme has been developed. DAN-SA intends to guide all diving businesses to establish a culture of safety.
Every programme needs a champion: someone who will pay specific attention to the manner in which the diving business and its related operations work. This person needs to be dedicated to establishing, monitoring, improving and maintaining the systems needed. This is the DSO’s function. One can define this responsible person in terms of their tasks, their position within the business or organisation, their skills and competences, and their ability to understand, implement and manage the culture of safety. To be equipped to deal with these divergent and often complex issues, some degree of specialised training, followed by sufficient experience, is needed. Is this all really necessary? What are the risks to the business owner, the club manager or any diving enterprise manager that we are so concerned about? How should we structure a programme to help the responsible person deal with all of these? These are all good questions. So, before delving into the DSO Programme, let us briefly review the governing concepts of HIRA and its ultimate goal, namely a culture of safety.
The HIRA CONCEPT: HOOW IT WORKS
The concept of HIRA is not unique to DAN-SA. This approach applies to almost every industry, all with their own unique risks, dynamics and potential consequences. Our challenge, however, is to render this process into something that the diving industry can relate to; something that addresses the real issues that may compromise specific recreational diving-related activities, often unique to geographic locations and even socio-economic realities.
Once the basic HIRA process is completed, targeted risk mitigation follows. The steps taken must then be monitored to ensure the effectiveness of the process. In summary, we can refer to this as HIRA Mitigation and Monitoring (HIRA-MM).
In previous Alert Diver issues, we explain these concepts and provide descriptions of the areas within a dive business that require risk analysis. For now, however, we will only be providing a brief summary of the HIRA process as a necessary foundation of the DSO Programme.
The difficulty is being able to comprehend how this applies to a business, combined with the fact that everyone in the business is usually overloaded with their daily tasks. Most dive businesses simply do not have enough hours in the day to get to everything, let alone accommodate what might be thought of as extra red tape. Thus, for all this to work, HIRA-MM needs to be understood and appreciated within the context of what is already happening.
Most dive businesses have slow seasons, allowing them to better dedicate time to other tasks. This is usually when they are busy with staff education and making improvements for the next season. This period is the ideal time for the DSO to focus his or her attention on HIRA-MM. This can be done by following these four steps:
Identify potential hazards within the diving industry, including the probable causes of accidents and injuries that might affect people or resources, and those hazards that may affect the business and the marine environment.
Analyse these potential hazards for relevance: how real and important are they? So, this step is about putting first things first.
Create and implement the most suitable mitigation strategy for each of these identified and analysed hazards.
Assess the mitigation strategy for relevance, sensibility, usefulness and effectiveness. Ask yourself whether accidents or near misses are still happening. If they are, why are the mitigation steps not working and can the steps be improved or changed? Also consider whether people are adhering to the mitigating steps in an effort to make the operation as safe as it can reasonably be expected to be. This is where the expertise of the DSO comes in.
Appointing a DSO who is properly trained to understand and apply the required steps, to monitor these, and to advise management of the overall status, is clearly an excellent solution and completely in line with how occupational health and safety programmes are intended to work.
A CULTURE OF SAFETY
The term “a culture of safety” can best be explained by considering the four aspects of this concept.
Commitment: Without complete management commitment to safety, the programme is a non-starter. Management needs to decide on the necessity and potential consequences when weighed up against how much risk they are prepared to take.
Concern: There needs to be a shared care and concern for risks, especially their potential impact upon people, the business’ resources and, of course, the environment – the core attraction that exists to generate business.
Consciousness: An ongoing, realistic and educated approach to risks is required; understanding the risks allows people to then accept their responsibilities.
Consistency: There needs to be a sustained effort and continual reflection of practices through monitoring, analysis and of course feedback that leads to improvements and, ultimately, maturity.
With this culture in place, all activities to improve safety become completely natural and present in daily activities: staff will do this continuously without even thinking about it. It needs to become a completely natural part of all the business’ activities.
THE DIVING SAFETY OFFICER PROGRAMME
To establish a realistic, appropriate HIRA-MM process that leads to an effective culture of safety and adds value to the business, an individual with comprehensive training in all the aspects that relate to safety and quality is required.
We have identified the following areas of training to equip DSOs with the knowledge and skills required to manage their job function with the necessary confidence. Admittedly, it is a rather daunting task, but if the concept is introduced as a gradual process, rather than a single goal and outcome, maturity, competence and understanding will follow.
HIRA: The core of the culture of safety
The DSO needs to understand how to apply the HIRA-MM process to the business, both on site and at sea. There are several critical areas to consider, but the outcome will be a safe operation with a limited amount of risk exposure to the business and, of course, to the owners, management and instructors.
The culture of safety not only benefits the clientele, but it also spills over towards impacting their behaviour in risk mitigating ways even after they have left. A good example of this is that if re-hydration after diving is actively encouraged by staff, with the necessary resources to make access easy, clients are much more likely to comply. Everybody wins.
Legal matters: How to steer clear of crossing the legal boundaries
In order to mitigate and hence avoid client, staff and public liabilities, it is important to understand the different liabilities as well as the impact these can have on a business. Each country will have its own laws, and each territory, state or even municipal district might have additional regulations. This requires careful consideration, especially in cases in where a business would like to expand into other areas. One needs to know which laws apply and how to comply with them. In the case that some activity or operation falls foul of the law, a suitable action plan is needed in order to acquire the right assistance.
The insurance realm: The right protection when you need it
Most people tend to resist paying for insurance. There are several aspects to and types of insurance, and a healthy and well-protected business needs to at least consider these. Client insurance is certainly not the only cover that is needed.
Clearly, DAN-SA membership is a form of health cover(1) for all divers in need. There are applicable exclusions and limits that need some understanding too. Remember that both staff and clients need cover while diving or engaged in any related activity. This benefit offers a degree of mitigation but you need to ensure that you carefully manage all areas where risks still exist.
All businesses need some degree of equipment, building, transport, watercraft and asset cover; this is usually referred to as short-term insurance. Even more appropriate in today’s litigious environment is an understanding of civil and personal liability, restitution and compensation, which is essential in order to attain the right form of protection. Also remember that South Africa has introduced the Consumer Protection Act, 2008 (Act No. 68 of 2008) to define both liability and responsibilities for businesses – whether they provide services, sell products or other paid-for activities. The definitions provided by the act need to be adequately understood too.
Finally, we have business and personnel insurances, where there are always exclusions and exposures that cannot be insured for, requiring additional mitigation steps. Insurance for illegal or non-compliant activities is not available: these risks can only be mitigated through an understanding of laws and regulations, and by using well-considered risk management procedures. A good example of this is a business conveying clients to dive sites where the business’ driver does not hold the necessary professional driving permit.
Occupational health and safety: Taking care of staff
The employment of any person carries with it the responsibility to ensure a safe working environment, irrespective of whether they are a full-time employee, a seasonal or temporary worker, or even a short-term human resource.
Contract terms and conditions do not supersede local laws or their regulatory environments. Businesses carry the responsibility of complying with the appropriate regulatory environment and the DSO needs to clarify this for each business:
Which regulations apply to the different aspects of the business?
What is classified as an occupational hazard, disease or injury?
How does the state cover such risks to employees(2)?
What compensation exists and where are there gaps?
A comprehensive health and safety plan is clearly what is needed here.
Medical issues: An understanding of the risks of diving
DSOs are not required to be healthcare professionals. However, they do need a basic understanding of diving risks. Without this, any safety programme and its mitigating instructions would be incomplete. Some of the essential questions are:
What are the most common and the most serious medical complications to be encountered and how would each be dealt with? For example, sea lice stings versus gas embolism.
What are the main contributing risk factors for decompression illness (DCI), and how should this be treated if it were to arise? For example, dehydration in tropical climates, or flying after diving.
What other medical conditions are most likely amongst the clientele that may cause problems or present abnormal symptoms and signs, irrespective of any diving activities? For example, luxury resorts are likely to attract older, more well-established individuals, a group that is generally associated with cardiac risk factors.
What is reasonable and appropriate for an effective initial emergency response and stabilisation on-site versus what may be deferred to local healthcare systems? For example, should an automated external defibrillator be kept on-site or can the ambulance service respond promptly enough?
What travel medical concerns need to be considered? Many popular diving destinations are relatively remote and are often only accessible by air travel. In addition, there may be certain endemic diseases (such as malaria) or certain mandated health precautions (such as yellow fever vaccinations), or other precautionary measures to consider.
Emergency planning: When things do go wrong
The DSO needs to analyse which of the existing risks require immediate action so as to limit the extent of an adverse situation. These may be present at sea, on the beach, in the workshop, in the cylinder filling station and so on.
Emergency plans need to be concise so that staff can react without needing to think. These plans need to contain possible emergency situations. The staff members responsible for compiling these procedures may need a degree of guidance; in some cases, the DSO might draft these for approval by the relevant manager. One cannot underestimate the value of practising these procedures. Only regular and realistic drills will ensure that staff can perform under pressure without needing to think about what steps are needed.
The recompression chamber: What you need to know
Few diving facilities have local recompression facilities on site. Hence, the DSO is unlikely to need any detailed background as to how these operate.
There are, however, a few things that the DSO needs to know in order to be able to establish effective emergency procedures when recompression is needed. These include the basic operation of a chamber, how to tend to the patient inside the chamber, what medical considerations and potential emergency situations need to be considered, and what the resulting safety action plans would be.
The technical support aspects of diving equipment: The nuts and bolts
The DSO may or may not have training or experience in diving-related equipment, such as regulators, high pressure filling systems, gas blenders, cylinders, oxygen cleaning and exposure considerations, to name but a few.
Keeping equipment in good and safe working condition through effective maintenance is a key aspect of a safety programme.
In order to be able to implement or at least assess a sound maintenance programme, the DSO needs to understand the basic construction and operation of the main items of equipment used in a dive business. The best way to demonstrate that maintenance has been performed is the completion and retention of these records. Many a legal issue has been avoided where effective maintenance has been demonstrated.
Business planning and sustainability: A secure business is a safe business
Those who fail to plan, plan to fail. There is almost no place more subject to this than a business. For any business to be financially secure and remain well resourced, it must have a plan of action for adverse business events. It should allocate an appropriate investment in safety, and provide financial and legal assurance in the event of accidents. The DSO should at least be able to assess what makes a sustainable and a responsible business. To achieve this, a solid business plan needs to be in place.
Ecological responsibilities: Protecting the environment that attracts divers
Ecological awareness and protection of the ecology is the business’ responsibility. Whenever excursions are made into these often highly sensitive areas, it should be understood that preservation is part of business protection. To jeopardise the environment is to place the business in danger. Staff members need proper instruction and clients need to be educated in order to protect the environmental assets.
Monitoring your safety programme: An essential way to build a safety culture
Monitoring and measuring should not be done without good reason. The objective is not to keep people busy; it is to ensure safety. Any abnormal findings should be reported to management as part of the safety programme. The DSO should, therefore, understand and be able to communicate the importance of those aspects of the operation that require monitoring. This is important, not only for the sake of clients, but for the staff as well as the business’ health as a whole. Analysis and reporting of results should be used to maintain awareness and improve education on health and safety.
The health and safety manual: Where all the safety plans are to be found
Understanding the essential elements of the health and safety manual, and then compiling or at least reviewing this compendium for effective safety management, is an essential task for the DSO.
The organisational structure and delegations of responsibilities to specific personnel explain the overall business safety management strategy.
The business “health” assessment should be an integral part of this documented process. Important reporting forms, assessment and monitoring instructions, maintenance schedules, liability-reducing registration documents, and client and staff instructions should be collated here.
Finally, a policy for the maintenance of important records should be in place to provide assurance of proof of a solid health and safety system.
THE PROFILE OF A DIVING SAFETY OFFICER
No person can operate successfully in a position where the business and personal expectations of their position are not clear. Knowledge, experience, personality traits and skills define their competence: a decision that must be taken by management.
Of course this person’s position within the organisation needs to be clear too. It is the owner or the manager who is ultimately responsible for safety – not the DSO. The DSO’s job is to assess, advise, steer and monitor safety. This implies that they need to be free to report on any issue without prejudice to their position or employment.
The DSO is a trained and knowledgeable person, requiring not only proper appointment, but perhaps also an individual career path. They can be a part of the business, or an external, independent consultant. This depends on the scope and amount of work required to promote and grow a business’ culture of safety.
WHY IS DAN-SA OFFERING THIS TRAINING PROGRAMME?
The role of a DSO is an extension of the mission of DAN-SA to prevent injuries. As such, DAN-SA has made the strategic decision to develop the DSO Programme that we hope will equip those individuals who assume this vital role with the optimal level of competence and confidence to perform this function well. Ultimately, the employer or contracting party will have to determine whether or not a DSO is competent.
What DAN-SA wants to ensure is that the requirements, responsibilities and resources actually match up in the individual a business decides to select. As such, this programme meets the requirements for official certification by both diving education and certification organisations, as well as our own Department of Labour. Successful candidates can expect to be recognised formally and internationally for their skills and qualification – significant recognition indeed.
For more information about the DAN-SA DSO Programme, contact the DAN-SA office on 0860 242 242 or email training@dansa.org
The concept of HIRA is not unique to DAN-SA. This approach applies to almost every industry, all with their own unique risks, dynamics and potential consequences. Our challenge, however, is to render this process into something that the diving industry can relate to; something that addresses the real issues that may compromise specific recreational diving-related activities, often unique to geographic locations and even socio-economic realities.
Once the basic HIRA process is completed, targeted risk mitigation follows. The steps taken must then be monitored to ensure the effectiveness of the process. In summary, we can refer to this as HIRA Mitigation and Monitoring (HIRA-MM).
In previous Alert Diver issues, we explain these concepts and provide descriptions of the areas within a dive business that require risk analysis. For now, however, we will only be providing a brief summary of the HIRA process as a necessary foundation of the DSO Programme.
The difficulty is being able to comprehend how this applies to a business, combined with the fact that everyone in the business is usually overloaded with their daily tasks. Most dive businesses simply do not have enough hours in the day to get to everything, let alone accommodate what might be thought of as extra red tape. Thus, for all this to work, HIRA-MM needs to be understood and appreciated within the context of what is already happening.
Most dive businesses have slow seasons, allowing them to better dedicate time to other tasks. This is usually when they are busy with staff education and making improvements for the next season. This period is the ideal time for the DSO to focus his or her attention on HIRA-MM. This can be done by following these four steps:
Identify potential hazards within the diving industry, including the probable causes of accidents and injuries that might affect people or resources, and those hazards that may affect the business and the marine environment.
Analyse these potential hazards for relevance: how real and important are they? So, this step is about putting first things first.
Create and implement the most suitable mitigation strategy for each of these identified and analysed hazards.
Assess the mitigation strategy for relevance, sensibility, usefulness and effectiveness. Ask yourself whether accidents or near misses are still happening. If they are, why are the mitigation steps not working and can the steps be improved or changed? Also consider whether people are adhering to the mitigating steps in an effort to make the operation as safe as it can reasonably be expected to be. This is where the expertise of the DSO comes in.
Appointing a DSO who is properly trained to understand and apply the required steps, to monitor these, and to advise management of the overall status, is clearly an excellent solution and completely in line with how occupational health and safety programmes are intended to work.
A CULTURE OF SAFETY
The term “a culture of safety” can best be explained by considering the four aspects of this concept.
Commitment: Without complete management commitment to safety, the programme is a non-starter. Management needs to decide on the necessity and potential consequences when weighed up against how much risk they are prepared to take.
Concern: There needs to be a shared care and concern for risks, especially their potential impact upon people, the business’ resources and, of course, the environment – the core attraction that exists to generate business.
Consciousness: An ongoing, realistic and educated approach to risks is required; understanding the risks allows people to then accept their responsibilities.
Consistency: There needs to be a sustained effort and continual reflection of practices through monitoring, analysis and of course feedback that leads to improvements and, ultimately, maturity.
With this culture in place, all activities to improve safety become completely natural and present in daily activities: staff will do this continuously without even thinking about it. It needs to become a completely natural part of all the business’ activities.
THE DIVING SAFETY OFFICER PROGRAMME
To establish a realistic, appropriate HIRA-MM process that leads to an effective culture of safety and adds value to the business, an individual with comprehensive training in all the aspects that relate to safety and quality is required.
We have identified the following areas of training to equip DSOs with the knowledge and skills required to manage their job function with the necessary confidence. Admittedly, it is a rather daunting task, but if the concept is introduced as a gradual process, rather than a single goal and outcome, maturity, competence and understanding will follow.
HIRA: The core of the culture of safety
The DSO needs to understand how to apply the HIRA-MM process to the business, both on site and at sea. There are several critical areas to consider, but the outcome will be a safe operation with a limited amount of risk exposure to the business and, of course, to the owners, management and instructors.
The culture of safety not only benefits the clientele, but it also spills over towards impacting their behaviour in risk mitigating ways even after they have left. A good example of this is that if re-hydration after diving is actively encouraged by staff, with the necessary resources to make access easy, clients are much more likely to comply. Everybody wins.
Legal matters: How to steer clear of crossing the legal boundaries
In order to mitigate and hence avoid client, staff and public liabilities, it is important to understand the different liabilities as well as the impact these can have on a business. Each country will have its own laws, and each territory, state or even municipal district might have additional regulations. This requires careful consideration, especially in cases in where a business would like to expand into other areas. One needs to know which laws apply and how to comply with them. In the case that some activity or operation falls foul of the law, a suitable action plan is needed in order to acquire the right assistance.
The insurance realm: The right protection when you need it
Most people tend to resist paying for insurance. There are several aspects to and types of insurance, and a healthy and well-protected business needs to at least consider these. Client insurance is certainly not the only cover that is needed.
Clearly, DAN-SA membership is a form of health cover(1) for all divers in need. There are applicable exclusions and limits that need some understanding too. Remember that both staff and clients need cover while diving or engaged in any related activity. This benefit offers a degree of mitigation but you need to ensure that you carefully manage all areas where risks still exist.
All businesses need some degree of equipment, building, transport, watercraft and asset cover; this is usually referred to as short-term insurance. Even more appropriate in today’s litigious environment is an understanding of civil and personal liability, restitution and compensation, which is essential in order to attain the right form of protection. Also remember that South Africa has introduced the Consumer Protection Act, 2008 (Act No. 68 of 2008) to define both liability and responsibilities for businesses – whether they provide services, sell products or other paid-for activities. The definitions provided by the act need to be adequately understood too.
Finally, we have business and personnel insurances, where there are always exclusions and exposures that cannot be insured for, requiring additional mitigation steps. Insurance for illegal or non-compliant activities is not available: these risks can only be mitigated through an understanding of laws and regulations, and by using well-considered risk management procedures. A good example of this is a business conveying clients to dive sites where the business’ driver does not hold the necessary professional driving permit.
Occupational health and safety: Taking care of staff
The employment of any person carries with it the responsibility to ensure a safe working environment, irrespective of whether they are a full-time employee, a seasonal or temporary worker, or even a short-term human resource.
Contract terms and conditions do not supersede local laws or their regulatory environments. Businesses carry the responsibility of complying with the appropriate regulatory environment and the DSO needs to clarify this for each business:
Which regulations apply to the different aspects of the business?
What is classified as an occupational hazard, disease or injury?
How does the state cover such risks to employees(2)?
What compensation exists and where are there gaps?
A comprehensive health and safety plan is clearly what is needed here.
Medical issues: An understanding of the risks of diving
DSOs are not required to be healthcare professionals. However, they do need a basic understanding of diving risks. Without this, any safety programme and its mitigating instructions would be incomplete. Some of the essential questions are:
What are the most common and the most serious medical complications to be encountered and how would each be dealt with? For example, sea lice stings versus gas embolism.
What are the main contributing risk factors for decompression illness (DCI), and how should this be treated if it were to arise? For example, dehydration in tropical climates, or flying after diving.
What other medical conditions are most likely amongst the clientele that may cause problems or present abnormal symptoms and signs, irrespective of any diving activities? For example, luxury resorts are likely to attract older, more well-established individuals, a group that is generally associated with cardiac risk factors.
What is reasonable and appropriate for an effective initial emergency response and stabilisation on-site versus what may be deferred to local healthcare systems? For example, should an automated external defibrillator be kept on-site or can the ambulance service respond promptly enough?
What travel medical concerns need to be considered? Many popular diving destinations are relatively remote and are often only accessible by air travel. In addition, there may be certain endemic diseases (such as malaria) or certain mandated health precautions (such as yellow fever vaccinations), or other precautionary measures to consider.
Emergency planning: When things do go wrong
The DSO needs to analyse which of the existing risks require immediate action so as to limit the extent of an adverse situation. These may be present at sea, on the beach, in the workshop, in the cylinder filling station and so on.
Emergency plans need to be concise so that staff can react without needing to think. These plans need to contain possible emergency situations. The staff members responsible for compiling these procedures may need a degree of guidance; in some cases, the DSO might draft these for approval by the relevant manager. One cannot underestimate the value of practising these procedures. Only regular and realistic drills will ensure that staff can perform under pressure without needing to think about what steps are needed.
The recompression chamber: What you need to know
Few diving facilities have local recompression facilities on site. Hence, the DSO is unlikely to need any detailed background as to how these operate.
There are, however, a few things that the DSO needs to know in order to be able to establish effective emergency procedures when recompression is needed. These include the basic operation of a chamber, how to tend to the patient inside the chamber, what medical considerations and potential emergency situations need to be considered, and what the resulting safety action plans would be.
The technical support aspects of diving equipment: The nuts and bolts
The DSO may or may not have training or experience in diving-related equipment, such as regulators, high pressure filling systems, gas blenders, cylinders, oxygen cleaning and exposure considerations, to name but a few.
Keeping equipment in good and safe working condition through effective maintenance is a key aspect of a safety programme.
In order to be able to implement or at least assess a sound maintenance programme, the DSO needs to understand the basic construction and operation of the main items of equipment used in a dive business. The best way to demonstrate that maintenance has been performed is the completion and retention of these records. Many a legal issue has been avoided where effective maintenance has been demonstrated.
Business planning and sustainability: A secure business is a safe business
Those who fail to plan, plan to fail. There is almost no place more subject to this than a business. For any business to be financially secure and remain well resourced, it must have a plan of action for adverse business events. It should allocate an appropriate investment in safety, and provide financial and legal assurance in the event of accidents. The DSO should at least be able to assess what makes a sustainable and a responsible business. To achieve this, a solid business plan needs to be in place.
Ecological responsibilities: Protecting the environment that attracts divers
Ecological awareness and protection of the ecology is the business’ responsibility. Whenever excursions are made into these often highly sensitive areas, it should be understood that preservation is part of business protection. To jeopardise the environment is to place the business in danger. Staff members need proper instruction and clients need to be educated in order to protect the environmental assets.
Monitoring your safety programme: An essential way to build a safety culture
Monitoring and measuring should not be done without good reason. The objective is not to keep people busy; it is to ensure safety. Any abnormal findings should be reported to management as part of the safety programme. The DSO should, therefore, understand and be able to communicate the importance of those aspects of the operation that require monitoring. This is important, not only for the sake of clients, but for the staff as well as the business’ health as a whole. Analysis and reporting of results should be used to maintain awareness and improve education on health and safety.
The health and safety manual: Where all the safety plans are to be found
Understanding the essential elements of the health and safety manual, and then compiling or at least reviewing this compendium for effective safety management, is an essential task for the DSO.
The organisational structure and delegations of responsibilities to specific personnel explain the overall business safety management strategy.
The business “health” assessment should be an integral part of this documented process. Important reporting forms, assessment and monitoring instructions, maintenance schedules, liability-reducing registration documents, and client and staff instructions should be collated here.
Finally, a policy for the maintenance of important records should be in place to provide assurance of proof of a solid health and safety system.
THE PROFILE OF A DIVING SAFETY OFFICER
No person can operate successfully in a position where the business and personal expectations of their position are not clear. Knowledge, experience, personality traits and skills define their competence: a decision that must be taken by management.
Of course this person’s position within the organisation needs to be clear too. It is the owner or the manager who is ultimately responsible for safety – not the DSO. The DSO’s job is to assess, advise, steer and monitor safety. This implies that they need to be free to report on any issue without prejudice to their position or employment.
The DSO is a trained and knowledgeable person, requiring not only proper appointment, but perhaps also an individual career path. They can be a part of the business, or an external, independent consultant. This depends on the scope and amount of work required to promote and grow a business’ culture of safety.
WHY IS DAN-SA OFFERING THIS TRAINING PROGRAMME?
The role of a DSO is an extension of the mission of DAN-SA to prevent injuries. As such, DAN-SA has made the strategic decision to develop the DSO Programme that we hope will equip those individuals who assume this vital role with the optimal level of competence and confidence to perform this function well. Ultimately, the employer or contracting party will have to determine whether or not a DSO is competent.
What DAN-SA wants to ensure is that the requirements, responsibilities and resources actually match up in the individual a business decides to select. As such, this programme meets the requirements for official certification by both diving education and certification organisations, as well as our own Department of Labour. Successful candidates can expect to be recognised formally and internationally for their skills and qualification – significant recognition indeed.
For more information about the DAN-SA DSO Programme, contact the DAN-SA office on 0860 242 242 or email training@dansa.org
FOOTNOTE: DAN-SA is actually the insured party; if a member is injured, the insurance benefit payable to DAN is simply extended to the member. DAN-SA does not sell insurance to its members.
FOOTNOTE: 2. Most countries enact some form of occupational health and safety (OHS) compensation for both injuries and diseases; businesses therefore need to be registered for such compensation schemes and failure to do so would be an illegal act that cannot be insured for: the liability thus falls on the business and its owners.
FOOTNOTE: 2. Most countries enact some form of occupational health and safety (OHS) compensation for both injuries and diseases; businesses therefore need to be registered for such compensation schemes and failure to do so would be an illegal act that cannot be insured for: the liability thus falls on the business and its owners.
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Old Habits Die HardSave a Diver, Save YourselfCylinder SafetyUndercover CrabsReef safe sunscreenPhysics, Biophysics and Decompression SicknessModels and Marine LifeSunscreen and CoralCristina Mittermeier: Commitment to ConservationDiving After a StrokeCurrent DivesThis Bites: Prevention TreatmentEnvironmental Considerations for Disinfection
April
Aqua Pool Noodle ExercisesUnderwater Photographer and DAN Member Madelein Wolfaardt10 Simple Things You Can Do to Improve Your Underwater PhotographyCOVID-19 and Diving: March 2021 UpdateDiver Return After COVID-19 Infection (DRACO): A Longitudinal AssessmentGuidelines for Lifelong Medical Fitness to DiveExperienceFitness Myth or Fitness Fact?The Safety of Sports for Athletes With Implantable Cardioverter-DefibrillatorsCardiovascular Fitness and DivingHypertensionPatent Foramen Ovale (PFO)Headaches and DivingMiddle-Ear Barotrauma (MEBT)O’Neill Grading SystemMask Squeeze (Facial Barotrauma)Sinus BarotraumaInner-Ear Barotrauma (IEBT)Middle-Ear EqualisationAlternobaric VertigoDecompression IllnessOn-Site Neurological ExaminationTreating Decompression Sickness (The Bends)Top 5 Factors That Increase Your Risk of the BendsHow to Avoid Rapid Ascents and Arterial Gas EmbolismUnintended Rapid Ascent Due to Uncontrolled InflationUnexpected Weight LossFlying After DivingWisdom Tooth Extraction and DivingYour Lungs and DivingScuba Diving and DiabetesDiving after COVID-19: What We Know TodaySwimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa)Motion SicknessFitness for DivingDiving After Bariatric SurgeryWhen to Consult a Health-Care Provider Before Engaging in Physical ActivitiesFinding Your FitnessHealth Concerns for Divers Over 50Risk Factors For Heart DiseaseJuggling Physical Exercise and DivingSeasickness Prevention and TreatmentMember to Member: Guidelines for SeniorsHigh-Pressure OphthalmologyOver-the-Counter Medications
2020
January
February
Group Fitness at the PoolHow to Rescue a Distressed diver at the SurfaceHow to manage Near-DrowningNo Sit-ups no problem How to manage MalariaHow to manage Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)What to do when confronted by a sharkHow to manage Scombroid PoisoningHow to perform a Deep Diver RescueHow to perform One-rescuer CPRHow to perform a Neurological Assessment
March
DAN’s Quick Guide to Properly Disinfecting Dive GearCOVID-19 : Prevention Recommendations for our Diving CommunityGermophobia? - Just give it a reasonable thoughtScuba Equipment care – Rinsing and cleaning diving equipmentCOVID-19 and DAN MembershipFurther limitations imposed on travels and considerations on diving activitiesDAN Membership COVID-19 FAQsLancet COVID-19 South African Testing SitesCOVID-19 No Panic Help GuideGetting Decompression Sickness while FreedivingDown in the DumpsCardiovascular Disease and DivingDelayed Off-GassingDiving after Dental surgeryDiving with Multiple MedicationsPygmy Seahorses: Life AquaticAfrica DustCOVID-19 Myth BustersScuba Units Are Not Suitable Substitutes for VentilatorsDisinfection of Scuba Equipment and COVID-19Physioball Stability Exercises
April
COVID-19 AdvisoryScuba Equipment Care - Drying & Storing Your GearTransporting Diving Lights & BatteriesHow to Pivot Your Message During a CrisisTourism Relief FundCOVID-19 Business Support ReviewDiving After COVID-19: What We Know TodayEUBS-ECHM Position Statement on Diving ActivitiesPart 2: COVID-19 Business Support ReviewPress Release
May
Diving in the Era of COVID-19Dive Operations and COVID-19: Prepping for ReturnCOVID-19 & Diving Activities: 10 Safety RecommendationsCOVID-19: Surface Survival TimesThe Philippines at its FinestThe Logistics of ExplorationThe Art of the Underwater SelfieShooter: Douglas SeifertFAQs Answered: Disinfecting Scuba EquipmentStock your First-Aid KitResearch and OutreachCovid-19 ResearchOut of the BlueEffects of Aspirin on DivingThe New Pointy end of DivingDiving and Hepatitis CCaissons, Compressed-Air work and Deep TunnellingPreparing to Dive in the New NormalNew Health Declaration Form Sample Addressing C-19 IssuesDiving After COVID 19: What Divers Need to Know
June
Travel Smarter: PRE-TRIP VACCINATIONSAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and DivingCOVID-19: Updated First Aid Training Recommendations From DANDiving with a Purpose in National Marine SanctuariesStay Positive Through the PandemicFor the Dive Operator: How to Protect Your Staff & ClientsStudying Deep reefs and Deep diversAsking the Right QuestionsLung squeeze under cold diving conditions
July
Dive DeprivationVolunteer Fish Surveys: Engage DiversDAN Member Profile: Mehgan Heaney-GrierTravel Smarter: Don’t Cancel, Reschedule InsteadDive Boat Fire SafetyRay of HopePartner ExercisesDiving at AltitudeAluminium ExposureHip FracturesAcoustic NeuromaGuidelines for Lifelong Medical Fitness to DiveNew Dive Medical Forms
August
Women in Diving: Lauren Arthur, Conservationist & Natural History Story TellerWomen in Diving: Dr Sara Andreotti White Shark ResearcherTiming ExerciseWomen in Diving: The Salty Wanderer, Charlie WarlandWomen in Diving: Beth Neale, Aqua soul of freedivingWomen in Diving: Diving and spearfishing Diva, Jean HattinghWomen in Diving: Zandile Ndhlovu, The Black Mermaid
September
October
Freediving For ScienceStep Exercises with CardioFluorescence Imaging help Identify Coral BleachingChildren and DivingThe Watchman device and divingScuba Diving and Factor V Leiden gene mutationNitrogen Narcosis at shallow depthsOil and Particulates: Safe levels in Breathing Air at depthDive Principles for Coping with COVID-19The Importance of a Predive Safety CheckTalya Davidoff: the 'Plattelandse Meisie' Freediver
2019
February
April
May
DAN Press ReleaseYour Dive Computer: Tips and tricks - PART 1Your Dive Computer: Tips and tricks - PART 2Aural HygieneDCS AheadHow Divers Can Help with coral conservationRed Tide and shellfish poisoningDiving after Kidney DonationDiving with hypertrophic cardiomyopathyEmergency Underwater Oxygen Recompression
June
July
September
October
November
Exercise drills with DowelsHeart-rate TrainingCultivating ConservationTRavel Smarter : Evaluating an unfamiliar Dive operatorChallenging the Frontiers of Decompression ResearchTravel Smarter: Plan for Medical EmergenciesWhen should I call my Doctor?DAN Student Medical Expense CoverageAdvice, Support and a LifelineWetsuits and heat stressDiving after Chiropractic adjustments
2018
April
Flying after pool diving FAQLung squeeze while freediving FAQDiving after Bariatric surgery FAQMarine injuries FAQVasovagal Syncope unpredictable FAQIncident report procedure FAQDiving after knee surgery FAQDiving when in RemissionDive with orbital Implant FAQInert gas washout FAQOxygen ears FAQPost Decompression sicknessChildren and diving. The real concerns.Diving after SurgeryPhysiology of Decompresssion sickness FAQDiving and regular exerciseGordon Hiles - I am an Underwater Cameraman and Film MakerScuba Air QualityBreath-hold diving. Part 3: The Science Bit!Compensation Legislation and the Recreational DiverCape Town DivingFive pro tips for capturing better images in cold waterThe Boat Left Without You: Now What?
May
When things go wrongEmergency Planning: Why Do We Need It?Breath-hold diving: Running on reserve -Part 5 Learning to RebreatheSweet Dreams: When Can I Resume Diving Post Anaesthesia?Investing in the future of reefsTo lie or not to lie?THE STORY OF A RASH AFTER A DIVEFirst Aid KitsTaravana: Fact or Falacy?
June
Oxygen Unit MaintenanceKnow Your Oxygen-Delivery Masks 1Know Your Oxygen-Delivery Masks 2Emergency Oxygen unitsInjuries due to exposure - HypothermiaInjuries due to exposure - Altitude sicknessInjuries due to Exposure - Dehydration and other concernsHow to plan for your dive tripThe Future of Dive MedicinePlastic is Killing our ocean
September
Return to DivingDiagnoses: Pulmonary blebSide effects of Rectogesic ointmentDiving with ChemotherapyReplacing dive computers and BCDsCustomize Your First-Aid KitPlan for medical emergenciesHow the dive Reflex protects the brain and heartDry suits and skin BendsAltitude sickness and DCSScuba Diving and Life Expectancy
2017
March
April
Incident Insight: TriageA Field Guide to Minor MishapsSnorkels: Pros & ConsTime & RecoveryMedication & Drug UseDiving with CancerNitrox FAQCOPD FAQHyperbaric Chamber FAQJet Lag FAQHydration FAQAnticoagulant Medication FAQFluid in the Ear FAQEye Surgery FAQElderly Divers FAQNitrogen FAQHealth Concerns FAQMotion Sickness FAQMicronuclei FAQ
June
August
2016
February
March
Breath-Hold Diving & ScubaReturn to Diving After DCITiming Exercise & DivingHot Tubs After DivingSubcutaneous EmphysemaIn-Water RecompressionDiving at AltitudeFlying After DivingDiving After FlyingThe Risks of Diabetes & DivingFlu-like Symptoms Following a DiveHand & Foot EdemaFrontal HeadachesBladder DiscomfortLatex AllergiesRemember to BreatheProper Position for Emergency CareAches & PainsCell Phones While DrivingSurfers Ear Ear Ventilation TubesDealing with Ear ProblemsDiving with Existing Ear InjuriesPerforated Ear DrumENT SurgeryUnpluggedCochlear ImplantsPortuguese Man-of-WarJellyfish StingsLionfish, Scorpionfish & Stonefish EnvenomationsStingray Envenomation Coral Cuts, Scrapes and RashesSpeeding & Driving Behaviour
June
Newsflash! Low Pressure Hose DeteriorationItching & rash go away & come back!7 Things we did not know about the oceanMigraine HeadacheAttention Deficit Disorder Cerebral Vascular AccidentEpilepsyCerebral PalsyHistory of SeizuresMultiple Sclerosis Head TraumaBreast Cancer & Fitness to Dive IssuesLocal Allergic ReactionsSea LiceHow ocean pollution affects humans Dive Fatality & Lobster Mini-Season StatisticsPregnancy & DivingReturn to Diving After Giving BirthBreast Implants & DivingMenstruation During Diving ActivitiesOral Birth ControlBreast FeedingPremenstrual SyndromeOsteoporosisThe Aftermath of Diving IncidentsCompensation Legislation & the Recreational DiverNoise-Induced Hearing LossLegal MattersThe Nature of Liability & DivingDAN Legal NetworkWaivers, Children & Solo DivingHealthy, but overweight!Taking Medication while Scuba DivingGetting Fit for the Dive SeasonBone Considerations in Young DiversAsthma and Scuba DivingHepatitisDiving with HyperglycemiaShoulder PainDiving After Spinal Back Surgery
August
Hazard Identification & Risk AssessmentCaring For Your People Caring For Your FacilitiesCaring For Your BusinessScuba Air Quality Part 1Scuba Air Quality Part 2Chamber Maintenance Part 1Chamber Maintenance Part 2The Aging Diver Propeller SafetyRelease The PressureDon't Get LostMore Water, Less Bubbles13 Ways to Run Out of Air & How Not To7 Mistakes Divers Make & How To Avoid ThemSafety Is In The AirHow Good Is Your Emergency Plan
2015
January
March
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